Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP)®

Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2019

Effects shown in research

Family economic self-sufficiency

Findings rated high

Eckenrode, J., Campa, M., Luckey, D. W., Henderson, C. R., Cole, R., Kitzman, H., Anson, E., Sidora-Arcoleo, K., Powers, J., & Olds, D. (2010). Long-term effects of prenatal and infancy nurse home visitation on the life course of youths: 19-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(1), 9-15.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Economically productive	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	% (adjusted) = 71.00	Adjusted mean % = 68.00	Difference = 0.03	HomVEE calculated = 0.09	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Economically productive	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	%(adjusted) = 73.00	Adjusted mean % = 68.00	Difference = 0.04	HomVEE calculated = 0.13	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Ever used AFDC	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	% (adjusted) = 3.00	Adjusted mean % = 2.00	Difference = 0.01	HomVEE calculated = 0.26	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Ever used AFDC	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	%(adjusted) = 6.00	Adjusted mean % = 2.00	Difference = 0.04	HomVEE calculated = -0.68	Statistically significant, p < 0.05
Ever used food stamps	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	%(adjusted) = 6.00	Adjusted mean % = 6.00	Difference = 0.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.02	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Ever used food stamps	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	%(adjusted) = 7.00	Adjusted mean % = 6.00	Difference = 0.01	HomVEE calculated = 0.06	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Ever used Medicaid	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and comparison (Elmira)	231 children	%(adjusted) = 11.00	Adjusted mean % = 12.00	Difference = -0.01	HomVEE calculated = -0.06	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Ever used Medicaid	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	19-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	219 children	%(adjusted) = 20.00	Adjusted mean % = 12.00	Difference = 0.07	HomVEE calculated = 0.34	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Kitzman, H., Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., Hanks, C., Cole, R., Tatelbaum, R., et al. (1997). Effect of prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses on pregnancy outcomes, childhood injuries, and repeated childbearing. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 278(8), 644–652.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Employed during pregnancy	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	36th week of pregnancy	Full (Memphis)	916 mothers	% (adjusted) = 6.00	Adjusted mean % = 3.00	OR = 2.00	HomVEE calculated = 0.44	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	footnote3 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors report the difference in this outcome to be statistically significant, p < 0.10, which is greater than the acceptable alpha for this review (α = 0.05).
In school during pregnancy	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	36th week of pregnancy	Full (Memphis)	916 mothers	% (adjusted) = 44.00	Adjusted mean % = 41.00	OR = 1.20	HomVEE calculated = 0.07	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	footnote2 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio.
Months on AFDC , 13–24 months postpartum	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	671 mothers	Adjusted mean = 7.80	Adjusted mean = 8.40	Mean difference = -0.60	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05	footnote3 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Authors report the difference in this outcome to be statistically significant, p < 0.10, which is greater than the acceptable alpha for this review (α = 0.05).
Months on AFDC , 0–12 months postpartum	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	681 mothers	Adjusted mean = 7.30	Adjusted mean = 7.60	Mean difference = -0.30	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
Months worked, 0–12 months postpartum	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	681 mothers	Adjusted mean = 2.20	Adjusted mean = 1.70	Mean difference = 0.50	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
Months worked, 13–24 months postpartum	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 years postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	671 mothers	Adjusted mean = 3.40	Adjusted mean = 3.40	Mean difference = 0.00	Not available	Not statistically significant, p > 0.05
Used other community services	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	36th week of pregnancy	Full (Memphis)	916 mothers	% (adjusted) = 29.00	Adjusted mean % = 20.00	OR = 1.80	HomVEE calculated = 0.30	Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.01	footnote2 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio.

Kitzman, H., Olds, D. L., Sidora, K., Henderson, C. R., Hanks, C., Cole, R., et al. (2000). Enduring effects of nurse home visitation on maternal life course: A 3-year follow-up of a randomized trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 283(15), 1983–1989.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Current socioeconomic status (percentile ranked by U.S. occupational codes)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	646 mothers	Adjusted mean = 15.62	Adjusted mean = 13.73	Mean difference = 1.89	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Highest education level	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	646 mothers	Adjusted mean = 11.61	Adjusted mean = 11.67	Mean difference = -0.06	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of months mother or child received AFDC (0–60 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	646 mothers	Adjusted mean = 32.55	Adjusted mean = 36.19	Mean difference = -3.64	Not available	Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.01
Number of months mother or child received food stamps (0–60 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	646 mothers	Adjusted mean = 41.57	Adjusted mean = 45.04	Mean difference = -3.47	Not available	Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.01
Number of months received WIC (0–54 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	646 mothers	Adjusted mean = 21.51	Adjusted mean = 23.33	Mean difference = -1.82	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of months received Medicaid (0–54 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	646 mothers	Adjusted mean = 39.59	Adjusted mean = 41.08	Mean difference = -1.49	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of months worked (0–54 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	3-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	646 mothers	Adjusted mean = 19.89	Adjusted mean = 18.84	Mean difference = 1.05	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Olds, D. L., Eckenrode, J., Henderson, C. R., Kitzman, H., Powers, J., Cole, R., et al. (1997). Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect. Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 278(8), 637–643.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Months employed	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	227 mothers	Adjusted mean = 87.50	Adjusted mean = 89.70	Mean difference = -2.20	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Months employed	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	245 mothers	Adjusted mean = 96.40	Adjusted mean = 89.70	Mean difference = 6.70	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Months receiving AFDC	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	227 mothers	Adjusted mean = 70.20	Adjusted mean = 65.90	Mean difference = 4.30	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Months receiving AFDC	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	245 mothers	Adjusted mean = 52.80	Adjusted mean = 65.90	Mean difference = -13.10	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Months receiving food stamps	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	227 mothers	Adjusted mean = 62.00	Adjusted mean = 56.40	Mean difference = 5.60	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Months receiving food stamps	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy, and comparison (Elmira)	245 mothers	Adjusted mean = 47.90	Adjusted mean = 56.40	Mean difference = -8.50	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Months receiving Medicaid	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	227 mothers	Adjusted mean = 71.10	Adjusted mean = 70.00	Mean difference = 1.10	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Months receiving Medicaid	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	245 mothers	Adjusted mean = 61.80	Adjusted mean = 70.00	Mean difference = -8.20	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Olds, D. L., Henderson Jr., C. R., Tatelbaum, R., & Chamberlin, R. (1986). Improving the delivery of prenatal care and outcomes of pregnancy: A randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics, 77(1), 16.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Number of nutritional supplementation vouchers	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	32 weeks	Full (Elmira)	288 mothers	Mean = 2.18	Mean = 1.56	Mean difference = 0.62	Not available	Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05

Olds, D. L., Henderson, Jr., C. R., Tatelbaum, R., & Chamberlin, R. (1988). Improving the lifecourse development of socially disadvantaged parents: A randomized trial of nurse home visitation. American Journal of Public Health, 78, 1436–1445.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Concern about finding work	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	10 months postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	202 mothers	Adjusted mean = 2.38	Adjusted mean = 2.17	Mean difference = 0.21	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Concern about finding work	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	10 months postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	195 mothers	Adjusted mean = 2.43	Adjusted mean = 2.17	Mean difference = 0.26	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Concern about finding work	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	22 months postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	192 mothers	Adjusted mean = 1.97	Adjusted mean = 1.92	Mean difference = 0.05	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Concern about finding work	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	22 months postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	183 mothers	Adjusted mean = 2.24	Adjusted mean = 1.92	Mean difference = 0.32	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Help with child care	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	10 months postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	197 mothers	Adjusted mean = 2.77	Adjusted mean = 2.64	Mean difference = 0.13	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Help with child care	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	10 months postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	204 mothers	Adjusted mean = 2.76	Adjusted mean = 2.64	Mean difference = 0.12	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Help with child care	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	22 months postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	197 mothers	Adjusted mean = 2.83	Adjusted mean = 2.76	Mean difference = 0.07	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Help with child care	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	22 months postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	189 mothers	Adjusted mean = 2.94	Adjusted mean = 2.76	Mean difference = 0.18	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Help with child care	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	46 months postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	183 mothers	Adjusted mean = 3.18	Adjusted mean = 3.00	Mean difference = 0.18	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Help with child care	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	46 months postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	167 mothers	Adjusted mean = 2.97	Adjusted mean = 3.00	Mean difference = -0.03	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Number of days on public assistance (0–22 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	22 months postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	194 mothers	Adjusted mean = 236.00	Adjusted mean = 244.00	Mean difference = -8.00	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of days on public assistance (0–22 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	22 months postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	185 mothers	Adjusted mean = 268.00	Adjusted mean = 244.00	Mean difference = 24.00	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Number of days on public assistance (0–48 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	48 months postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	208 mothers	Adjusted mean = 437.00	Adjusted mean = 530.00	Mean difference = -93.00	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of days on public assistance (0–48 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	48 months postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	196 mothers	Adjusted mean = 510.00	Adjusted mean = 530.00	Mean difference = -20.00	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Number of months employed (0–22 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	22 months postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	194 mothers	Adjusted mean = 6.15	Adjusted mean = 5.89	Mean difference = 0.26	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of months employed (0–22 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	22 months postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	185 mothers	Adjusted mean = 7.57	Adjusted mean = 5.89	Mean difference = 1.68	Not available	Statistical significance not reported
Number of months employed (0–46 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	46 months postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and comparison (Elmira)	208 mothers	Adjusted mean = 15.18	Adjusted mean = 12.65	Mean difference = 2.53	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Number of months employed (0–46 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	46 months postpartum	Nurse visited during pregnancy and comparison (Elmira)	196 mothers	Adjusted mean = 17.01	Adjusted mean = 12.65	Mean difference = 4.36	Not available	Statistical significance not reported

Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H. J., Cole, R. E., Hanks, C. A., Arcoleo, K. J., Anson, E. A., Luckey, D. W., Knudtson, M. D., Henderson, C. R., Bondy, J., & Stevenson, A. J. (2010). Enduring effects of prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses on maternal life course and government spending: Follow-up of a randomized trial among children at age 12 years. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(5), 419-424

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Time employed, in months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	10 to 12 years	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis)	594 mothers	Adjusted mean = 7.10	Adjusted mean = 7.77	Mean difference = -0.67	HomVEE calculated = -2.62	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Time employed, in months	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	2 to 12 years	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis)	594 mothers	Adjusted mean = 4.50	Adjusted mean = 4.64	Mean difference = -0.14	HomVEE calculated = -0.99	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Use of AFDC-TANF	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	0 to 12 years	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis	594 mothers	Adjusted mean = 4.97	Adjusted mean = 5.47	Mean difference = -0.50	HomVEE calculated = -3.03	Statistically significant, p < .05
Use of AFDC-TANF	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	10 to 12 years	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis)	594 mothers	Adjusted mean = 3.75	Adjusted mean = 3.97	Mean difference = -0.22	HomVEE calculated = -13.10	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Use of food stamps	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	0 to 12 years	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis)	594 mothers	Adjusted mean = 6.27	Adjusted mean = 6.86	Mean difference = -0.59	HomVEE calculated = -3.90	Statistically significant, p < .05
Use of food stamps	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	10 to 12 years	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis)	594 mothers	Adjusted mean = 4.46	Adjusted mean = 5.06	Mean difference = -0.60	HomVEE calculated = -2.65	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Use of Medicaid	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	0 to 12 years	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis)	594 mothers	Adjusted mean = 8.08	Adjusted mean = 8.39	Mean difference = -0.31	HomVEE calculated = -1.88	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Use of Medicaid	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	10 to 12 years	Nurse visited during pregnancy and infancy and development screening comparison (Memphis)	594 mothers	Adjusted mean = 6.02	Adjusted mean = 6.23	Mean difference = -0.21	HomVEE calculated = -0.81	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Cole, R., Robinson, J., Sidora, K., Luckey, D. W., et al. (2004). Effects of nurse home-visiting on maternal life course and child development: Age 6 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 114(6), 1550–1559

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
SES of current job (mother)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	641 mothers	Adjusted mean = 14.01	Adjusted mean = 13.06	Mean difference = 0.95	Study reported = 0.05	Not statistically significant, p = 0.56
Months mother employed (54–72 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	641 mothers	Adjusted mean = 9.96	Adjusted mean = 9.99	Mean difference = -0.03	Study reported = 0.00	Not statistically significant, p = 0.97
Months of AFDC (54–72 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	641 mothers	Adjusted mean = 7.21	Adjusted mean = 8.96	Mean difference = -1.75	Study reported = -0.22	Statistically significant, p = 0.01
Months of food stamps (54–72 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	641 mothers	Adjusted mean = 9.67	Adjusted mean = 11.50	Mean difference = -1.83	Study reported = -0.24	Statistically significant, p < 0.01
Months of Medicaid, (54–72 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	641 mothers	Adjusted mean = 11.98	Adjusted mean = 13.08	Mean difference = -1.10	Study reported = -0.15	Not statistically significant, p = 0.08
Mother graduated from high school/earned GED (percentage)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	641 mothers	% (adjusted) = 69.00	Adjusted mean % = 66.00	OR = 1.12	Study reported = 0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.54	footnote2 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Statistical significance reported on authors’ calculations of the odds ratio.

Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Hanks, C., Cole, R., Anson, E., Sidora-Arcoleo, K., et al. (2007). Effects of nurse home visiting on maternal and child functioning: Age-9 follow-up of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 120(4), e832–e845.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Number of months employed per year (2–9 years postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	9-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	627 mothers	Adjusted mean = 3.84	Adjusted mean = 3.86	Mean difference = -0.02	Study reported = -0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 0.93
Number of months employed per year (6–9 years postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	9-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	627 mothers	Adjusted mean = 6.86	Adjusted mean = 7.39	Mean difference = -0.53	Study reported = -0.15	Not statistically significant, p = 0.13
Number of months on /TANF per year (0–9 years postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	9-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	627 mothers	Adjusted mean = 5.21	Adjusted mean = 5.92	Mean difference = -0.71	Study reported = -0.14	Statistically significant, p < 0.01
Number of months on TANF(6–9 years postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	9-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	627 mothers	Adjusted mean = 3.39	Adjusted mean = 4.01	Mean difference = -0.62	Study reported = -0.12	Not statistically significant, p = 0.12
Number of months on food stamps per year (0–9 years postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	9-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	627 mothers	Adjusted mean = 6.98	Adjusted mean = 7.80	Mean difference = -0.82	Study reported = -0.17	Statistically significant, p < 0.01
Number of months on food stamps per year (6–9 years postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	9-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	627 mothers	Adjusted mean = 4.89	Adjusted mean = 5.92	Mean difference = -1.03	Study reported = -0.21	Statistically significant, p = 0.02
Number of months on Medicaid per year (0–9 years postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	9-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	627 mothers	Adjusted mean = 9.71	Adjusted mean = 10.07	Mean difference = -0.36	Study reported = -0.09	Not statistically significant, p = 0.12
Number of months on Medicaid per year (6–9 years postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	9-year follow-up	Nurse visited during pregnancy + infancy and developmental screening comparison (Memphis)	627 mothers	Adjusted mean = 8.79	Adjusted mean = 8.74	Mean difference = 0.05	Study reported = 0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 0.89

Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., O’Brien, R., Luckey, D. W., Pettitt, L. M., Henderson, C. R., et al. (2002). Home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses: A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics, 110(3), 486.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Educational achievement (years)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	21 months	Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver)	427 mothers	Adjusted mean = 11.51	Adjusted mean = 11.51	Mean difference = 0.00	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., Pettitt, L., Luckey, D. W., Holmberg, J., Ng, R. K., et al. (2004). Effects of home visits by paraprofessionals and by nurses: Age 4 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 114(6), 1560-1568.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Graduated from high school or earned GED	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4-year follow-up	Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver)	424 mothers	= 0.80	= 0.76	OR = 1.26	HomVEE calculated = 0.14	Not statistically significant, p = 0.35
Months mother employed (25–48 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4-year follow-up	Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver)	424 mothers	Adjusted mean = 14.42	Adjusted mean = 13.38	Mean difference = 1.04	Study reported = 0.04	Not statistically significant, p = 0.22
Months of AFDC (25–48 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4-year follow-up	Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver)	424 mothers	Adjusted mean = 1.88	Adjusted mean = 2.10	Mean difference = -0.22	Study reported = 0.01	Not statistically significant, p = 0.69
Months of food stamps (25–48 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4-year follow-up	Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver)	424 mothers	Adjusted mean = 4.32	Adjusted mean = 3.98	Mean difference = 0.34	Study reported = 0.07	Not statistically significant, p = 0.67
Months of Medicaid (25–48 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4-year follow-up	Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver)	424 mothers	Adjusted mean = 7.34	Adjusted mean = 6.98	Mean difference = 0.36	Study reported = -0.03	Not statistically significant, p = 0.71

Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., O’Brien, R., Luckey, D. W., Pettitt, L. M., Henderson, C. R., et al. (2002). Home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses: A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics, 110(3), 486.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Educational achievement (years)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	21 months	Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver)	440 mothers	Adjusted mean = 11.62	Adjusted mean = 11.51	Mean difference = 0.11	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Months employed (1–12 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months	Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver)	425 mothers	Adjusted mean = 4.21	Adjusted mean = 3.97	Mean difference = 0.24	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Months employed (13–24 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months	Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver)	439 mothers	Adjusted mean = 6.14	Adjusted mean = 5.73	Mean difference = 0.41	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Months on AFDC (1–12 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months	Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver)	425 mothers	Adjusted mean = 2.60	Adjusted mean = 2.35	Mean difference = 0.25	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Months on AFDC (13–24 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months	Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver)	439 mothers	Adjusted mean = 2.31	Adjusted mean = 1.92	Mean difference = 0.39	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Findings rated moderate

Hanks, Carole, Luckey, Dennis, Knudtson, Michael, Kitzman, Harriet, Anson, Elizabeth, Arcoleo, Kimberly, & Olds, David. (2011) Neighborhood context and the Nurse-Family Partnership. Unpublished report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. (Denver results from Study 3.)

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Neighborhood Disadvantage index	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4 years	Denver, CO- Nurse Family Partnership (NFP)	414 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 0.10	Unadjusted mean = 0.06	Mean difference = 0.04	Study reported = 0.04	p = 0.72	footnote163 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Positive value is favorable to the comparison group.
Neighborhood Disadvantage index	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 years	Denver, CO- Nurse Family Partnership (NFP)	394 mothers	Unadjusted mean = -0.01	Unadjusted mean = -0.08	Mean difference = 0.07	Study reported = 0.12	p = 0.34	footnote163 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Positive value is favorable to the comparison group.
Neighborhood Disadvantage index	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	9 years	Denver, CO- Nurse Family Partnership (NFP)	357 mothers	Unadjusted mean = -0.15	Unadjusted mean = -0.17	Mean difference = 0.02	Study reported = 0.03	p = 0.84	footnote163 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Positive value is favorable to the comparison group.

Hanks, Carole, Luckey, Dennis, Knudtson, Michael, Kitzman, Harriet, Anson, Elizabeth, Arcoleo, Kimberly, & Olds, David. (2011) Neighborhood context and the Nurse-Family Partnership. Unpublished report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. (Elmira results from Study 3.)

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Neighborhood Disadvantage index	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15 years	Elmira, NY- Nurse Family Partnership (NFP)	183 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 0.48	Unadjusted mean = 0.06	Mean difference = 0.42	Study reported = 0.42	p = 0.03	footnote163 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Positive value is favorable to the comparison group.
Neighborhood Disadvantage index	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months	Elmira, NY- Nurse Family Partnership (NFP)	205 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 0.32	Unadjusted mean = 0.45	Mean difference = -0.13	Study reported = -0.12	p = 0.54	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.
Neighborhood Disadvantage index	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4 years	Elmira, NY- Nurse Family Partnership (NFP)	214 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 0.36	Unadjusted mean = 0.44	Mean difference = -0.08	Study reported = -0.07	p = 0.72	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.

Hanks, Carole, Luckey, Dennis, Knudtson, Michael, Kitzman, Harriet, Anson, Elizabeth, Arcoleo, Kimberly, & Olds, David. (2011) Neighborhood context and the Nurse-Family Partnership. Unpublished report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. (Memphis results from Study 3.)

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Neighborhood Disadvantage index	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 years	Memphis, TN - Nurse Family Partnership (NFP)	569 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 1.54	Unadjusted mean = 1.60	Mean difference = -0.06	Study reported = -0.04	p = 0.78	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.
Neighborhood Disadvantage index	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months	Memphis, TN - Nurse Family Partnership (NFP)	657 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 2.30	Unadjusted mean = 2.21	Mean difference = 0.09	Study reported = 0.05	p = 0.7	footnote163 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Positive value is favorable to the comparison group.
Neighborhood Disadvantage index	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	54 months	Memphis, TN - Nurse Family Partnership (NFP)	626 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 2.40	Unadjusted mean = 2.28	Mean difference = 0.12	Study reported = 0.06	p = 0.63	footnote163 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Positive value is favorable to the comparison group.
Neighborhood Disadvantage index	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 years	Memphis, TN - Nurse Family Partnership (NFP)	627 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 1.86	Unadjusted mean = 2.04	Mean difference = -0.18	Study reported = -0.11	p = 0.38	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.
Neighborhood Disadvantage index	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	9 years	Memphis, TN - Nurse Family Partnership (NFP)	617 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 1.93	Unadjusted mean = 1.93	Mean difference = 0.00	Study reported = 0.00	p = 0.99	footnote163 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Positive value is favorable to the comparison group.

Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., O’Brien, R., Luckey, D. W., Pettitt, L. M., Henderson, C. R., et al. (2002). Home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses: A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics, 110(3), 486.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

Show findings details

Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Months employed (1–12 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months	Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver)	406 mothers	Adjusted mean = 4.35	Adjusted mean = 3.97	Mean difference = 0.38	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Months employed (13–24 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months	Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver)	419 mothers	Adjusted mean = 6.87	Adjusted mean = 5.73	Mean difference = 1.14	Not available	Statistically significant, p ≤ 0.05
Months on AFDC (1–12 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 months	Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver)	406 mothers	Adjusted mean = 2.31	Adjusted mean = 2.35	Mean difference = -0.04	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05
Months on AFDC (13–24 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months	Nurse home visitor and comparison (Denver)	419 mothers	Adjusted mean = 1.95	Adjusted mean = 1.92	Mean difference = 0.03	Not available	Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Hanks, Carole, Luckey, Dennis, Knudtson, Michael, Kitzman, Harriet, Anson, Elizabeth, Arcoleo, Kimberly, & Olds, David. (2011) Neighborhood context and the Nurse-Family Partnership. Unpublished report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. (Denver results from Study 3.)

NFP with Nurse Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

Show findings details

Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Neighborhood Disadvantage index	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4 years	Denver, CO- Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) - low psychological resources	152 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 0.18	Unadjusted mean = 0.40	Mean difference = -0.22	Study reported = -0.23	p = 0.16	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.

Hanks, Carole, Luckey, Dennis, Knudtson, Michael, Kitzman, Harriet, Anson, Elizabeth, Arcoleo, Kimberly, & Olds, David. (2011) Neighborhood context and the Nurse-Family Partnership. Unpublished report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. (Elmira results from Study 3.)

NFP with Nurse Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

Show findings details

Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Neighborhood Disadvantage index	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	15 years	Elmira, NY - Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) - high risk (unmarried, low SES)	78 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 0.57	Unadjusted mean = 0.52	Mean difference = 0.05	Study reported = 0.04	p = 0.86	footnote163 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Positive value is favorable to the comparison group.
Neighborhood Disadvantage index	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4 years	Elmira, NY - Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) - high risk (unmarried, low SES)	100 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 0.83	Unadjusted mean = 0.91	Mean difference = -0.08	Study reported = -0.06	p = 0.79	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.

Hanks, Carole, Luckey, Dennis, Knudtson, Michael, Kitzman, Harriet, Anson, Elizabeth, Arcoleo, Kimberly, & Olds, David. (2011) Neighborhood context and the Nurse-Family Partnership. Unpublished report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. (Memphis results from Study 3.)

NFP with Nurse Home Visitors - Mothers with low psychological resources subgroup

Show findings details

Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance	Notes
Neighborhood Disadvantage index	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	12 years	Memphis, TN Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) - low psychological resources	308 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 2.03	Unadjusted mean = 1.74	Mean difference = 0.29	Study reported = 0.19	p = 0.11	footnote163 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Positive value is favorable to the comparison group.
Neighborhood Disadvantage index	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	24 months	Memphis, TN Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) - low psychological resources	338 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 2.48	Unadjusted mean = 2.51	Mean difference = -0.03	Study reported = -0.02	p = 0.88	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.
Neighborhood Disadvantage index	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	54 months	Memphis, TN Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) - low psychological resources	325 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 2.52	Unadjusted mean = 2.71	Mean difference = -0.19	Study reported = -0.11	p = 0.35	footnote162 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Negative value is favorable to the intervention.
Neighborhood Disadvantage index	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	6 years	Memphis, TN Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) - low psychological resources	332 mothers	Unadjusted mean = 2.84	Unadjusted mean = 2.34	Mean difference = 0.50	Study reported = 0.30	p = 0.01	footnote163 Submitted by user on Fri, 03/15/2019 - 14:29 Positive value is favorable to the comparison group.

Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., Pettitt, L., Luckey, D. W., Holmberg, J., Ng, R. K., et al. (2004). Effects of home visits by paraprofessionals and by nurses: Age 4 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 114(6), 1560-1568.

NFP with Paraprofessional Home Visitors

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Outcome measure	Effect	Follow-up timing	Sample	Sample size	Intervention group	Comparison group	Group difference	Effect size	Statistical significance
Graduated from high school or earned GED	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4-year follow-up	Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver)	431 mothers	= 0.82	= 0.76	OR = 1.39	HomVEE calculated = 0.20	Not statistically significant, p = 0.18
Months mother employed (25–48 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4-year follow-up	Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver)	431 mothers	Adjusted mean = 15.13	Adjusted mean = 13.38	Mean difference = 1.75	Study reported = 0.11	Statistically significant, p = 0.04
Months of AFDC (25–48 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4-year follow-up	Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver)	431 mothers	Adjusted mean = 1.95	Adjusted mean = 2.10	Mean difference = -0.15	Study reported = -0.19	Not statistically significant, p = 0.78
Months of food stamps (25–48 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4-year follow-up	Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver)	431 mothers	Adjusted mean = 4.56	Adjusted mean = 3.98	Mean difference = 0.58	Study reported = 0.21	Not statistically significant, p = 0.47
Months of Medicaid (25–48 months postpartum)	FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect	4-year follow-up	Paraprofessional home visitor and comparison (Denver)	431 mothers	Adjusted mean = 8.08	Adjusted mean = 6.98	Mean difference = 1.10	Study reported = 0.02	Not statistically significant, p = 0.26

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